PostgreSQL Tutorial: FIRST_VALUE Function

Summary: In this tutorial, you will learn how to use the PostgreSQL FIRST_VALUE() function to return the first value in a sorted partition of a result set.

Table of Contents

Introduction to PostgreSQL FIRST_VALUE() function

The FIRST_VALUE() function returns a value evaluated against the first row in a sorted partition of a result set.

The following is the syntax of the FIRST_VALUE() function:

FIRST_VALUE ( expression )  
OVER ( 
    [PARTITION BY partition_expression, ... ]
    ORDER BY sort_expression [ASC | DESC], ...
    
FIRST_VALUE ( expression )  
OVER ( 
    [PARTITION BY partition_expression, ... ]
    ORDER BY sort_expression [ASC | DESC], ...
)

In this syntax:

expression

The expression can be an expression, column, or subquery evaluated against the value of the first row of a sorted partition of a result set. The expression must return a single value. And it cannot be a window function.

PARTITION BY clause

The PARTITION BY clause divides rows in a result set into partitions to which the FIRST_VALUE() function is applied.

The PARITION BY clause is optional. If you skip it, the FIRST_VALUE() function treats the whole result set as a single partition.

ORDER BY clause

The ORDER BY clause specifies the sort order of rows in each partition to which the FIRST_VALUE()function is applied.

rows_range_clause

The rows_range_clause further limits the rows within the partition by defining the start and end in the partition

PostgreSQL FIRST_VALUE() function examples

We will use the products table created in the window function tutorial for the demonstration:

The data of the products table is as follows:

1) Using PostgreSQL FIRST_VALUE() function over a result set example

The following statement uses the FIRST_VALUE() function to return all products and also the product which has the lowest price:

SELECT 
    product_id,
    product_name,
    group_id,
    price,
    FIRST_VALUE(product_name) 
    OVER(
        ORDER BY price
    ) lowest_price
FROM 
    products;

Here is the result set:

In this example:

• Since we skipped the PARTITION BY clause in the FIRST_VALUE() function, the function treated the whole result set as a single partition.
• The ORDER BY clause sorted products by prices from low to high.
• The FIRST_VALUE() function is applied to the whole result set and picked the value in the product_name column of the first row.

2) Using FIRST_VALUE() function over a partition example

This statement uses the FIRST_VALUE() function to return all products grouped by the product group. And for each product group, it returns the product with the lowest price:

SELECT 
    product_id,
    product_name,
	group_id,
    price,
    FIRST_VALUE(product_name) 
    OVER(
	PARTITION BY group_id
        ORDER BY price
        RANGE BETWEEN 
            UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 
            UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
    ) lowest_price
FROM 
    products;

In this example:

• The PARTITION BY clause distributed products by product group.
• The ORDER BY clause sorted products in each product group (partition) by prices from low to high.
• The RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING clause defined the frame in each partition, starting from the first row and ending at the last row.
• The FIRST_VALUE() function is applied to each partition separately.

In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the PostgreSQL FIRST_VALUE() function to return the first value in a sorted partition of a result set.

See more

PostgreSQL Tutorial: Window Functions

PostgreSQL Documentation: Window Functions